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Since the beginning of the decade, the number of tube wells with hand pumps being built in rural community water delivery projects in Sri Lanka has grown dramatically. On the island, there are currently approximately 13,000 tube wells with hand pumps, most of which are located in the dry zone. The challenges of tube well water quality have grown in importance as the number of tube wells has increased. The high fluoride concentration in groundwater, particularly in low-lying parts of the dry zone, is one of the primary water quality issues. Fluorine is one of the most common elements in the geogenic environment, and its ionic form fluoride is widespread in natural water. Although fluoride is an important component of human health in small amounts, excessive fluoride has negative health consequences. Sri Lanka, like many other tropical nations, has high amounts of fluoride in its groundwater, which is the primary supply of drinking water. The dry zone has naturally occurring high-fluorid